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Notes on Leadership (Class Notes)

dari ChangkatNingkeBTP

What's Your Most Effective Leadership Style?

1.  Autocratic. The ultimate task-oriented leadership style, autocratic or “command and control” leaders operate in an “I'm the boss” fashion. 


2.   Delegative. At the opposite end of the spectrum, the ultimate people-oriented leadership style is delegative or laissez-faire (“let it be”) leadership.


3.    Democratic or Participative.

 The Trait Theory


The trait model of leadership is based on the characteristics of many leaders - both successful and unsuccessful - and is used to predict leadership effectiveness. The resulting lists of traits are then compared to those of potential leaders to assess their likelihood of success or failure.

What is Carlyle and Galton's Trait Theory of Leadership? Notable trait-based theorists are Thomas Carlyle (1795 - 1881) and Francis Galton (1822-1911). Their ideas, published in the mid-1800s, did much to establish and reinforce popular support for trait-based leadership thinking then and for many years afterwards.

What is Trait Leadership? ... Some other examples of traits that make an effective leader include intelligence, self-confidence, integrity and determination. Leadership candidates often take personality assessment tests to pinpoint their traits.

Behavioral Styles Theory

Sometimes called the style theory, it suggests that leaders aren't born successful, but can be created based on learnable behavior. ... Some of the styles of leadership include task-oriented leaders, people-oriented leaders, country club leaders, status-quo leaders, dictatorial leaders, and more

Behaviorism or the behavioral learning theory is a popular concept that focuses on how students learn. ... A common example of behaviorism is positive reinforcement. A student gets a small treat if they get 100% on their spelling test. In the future, students work hard and study for their test in order to get the reward.

Fiedler's Contingency Theory 

Fiedler's Contingency Theory of Leadership states that your effectiveness as a leader is determined by how well your leadership style matches the situation. The theory is based on the premise that each of us has one and only one leadership style which can be scored on the Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) scale.

Motivation and leadership are just two examples of many independent variables of the contingency theory, while productivity, turnover and absenteeism are some examples of dependent variables.

The path-goal theory 

The path-goal theory states that a leader's behavior is contingent to the satisfaction, motivation and performance of their employees. The manager's job is viewed as guiding workers to choose the best paths to reach both their goals as well as the corporation's goals.

What are strengths of path-goal theory? -It provides a useful theoretical framework for understanding how various leadership behaviors affect followers' satisfaction and work performance. -It attempts to integrate the motivation principles of expectancy theory into a theory of leadership.

The Hersey-Blanchard Model

The Hersey-Blanchard Model suggests no single leadership style is better than another. Instead of focusing on workplace factors, the model suggests leaders adjust their styles to those they lead and their abilities. ... The Hersey-Blanchard Model is also referred to as the Situational Leadership Model or Theory.

Summary. The Hersey-Blanchard Model is a leadership model that focuses on the ability and willingness of individual employees. It's also referred to as the Situational Leadership Model.

There are many situations in which situational leadership is especially appropriate. For example, sports teams frequently experience changes due to team members coming and going. This means the strengths and weaknesses of the entire team are constantly changing, too.

The leadermember exchange (LMXtheory 

The leadermember exchange (LMXtheory is a relationship-based approach to leadership that focuses on the two-way (dyadic) relationship between leaders and followers. Previous research shows that better LMX results in more resources being available to subordinates and restricted information.

Unlike  many other prominent leadership theoriesleader-member exchange (LMXtheory does not focus on the specific characteristics of an effective organizational leader. Rather, LMX focuses on the nature and quality of the relationships between a leader and his or her individual subordinates.

substitutes for leadership 

Kerr and Jermier 1978 proposed the substitutes for leadership theory, claiming that subordinate individual characteristics, task characteristics and organizational factors can provide guidance and positive effects for employees, influencing the effectiveness of leadership.

Substitutes for leadership theory states that different situational factors can enhance, neutralize, or substitute for leader behaviors (Avolio et al., 2009; Den Hartog & Koopman, 2001).

 

Servant leadership 

Servant leadership is a leadership philosophy in which the goal of the leader is to serve. This is different from traditional leadership where the leader's main focus is the thriving of their company or organizations.

The magnum opus of Robert Greenleaf, Servant Leadership is a recent theory of leadership that argues that the most effective leaders are servants of their people. ... The leader should be a servant first, leading from a desire to better serve others and not to attain more power.

Abraham Lincoln is one example of a servant leader. Lincoln's actions during the US Civil War are often cited as prime examples of servant leadership behavior (Hubbard, 2011). In particular, many scholars look to his preservation of the Union during this conflict and the freeing of the Southern slaves.

Superleadership – Heroic leadership

Today's most accomplished leaders are those who use their skills to teach others to lead themselves. Now two experts in the field offer step-by-step, proven motivational strategies based on years of research and case studies.

7 Keys to Becoming a Super Effective Leader. ...

1.    Don't take It all too seriously. ...

2.    Recognize achievements. ...

3.    Set goals. ...

4.    Delegate wisely. ...

5.    Think about lasting solutions. ...

6.    Make time for employees. ...

7.    Communicate.


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